Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies

The toxicity of eight chemicals to one week old and one month old striped bass, Roccus saxatilis, was determined. These chemicals included malachite green, acriflavine, formaldehyde, Diquat, sodium chloride, zinc, copper, and sodium sulfate. In addition the toxicity of artificial sea water and oil field brine based on chloride content was determined for one month old striped bass. Tests were conducted in one gallon wide mouth jars containing two liters of water. Reconstituted water held at 70 degrees Farenheit was used as the diluent. A wide range in toxicity between the two age groups was recorded for acriflavine, Diquat, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. The one month old fingerlings were slightly more tolerant to malachite green, formaldehyde and copper than the larvae. Zinc was the only chemical tested that required a higher concentration to kill the larvae.

A study was made by the USDA, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with the Georgia Game and Fish Commission and the USDA, Forest Service in the summer months of the years 1964-67. The purpose was to determine the extent of thermal pollution in the tailwater and the effect of this pollution on rainbow trout. The study was made at a single-purpose, Public Law 566 floodwater-retarding structure on Hall Creek, which is a tributary of Hightower Creek in Towns County, Georgia. The conservation pool has 4.3 surface acres and is 17.5 feet deep. Normal streamflow is discharged through a bottom water overflow that extends down from the pool surface 10 feet. The structure contains 27 acre feet of stored water in the conservation pool; inflow is approximately 2.5 efs at low flow during summer droughts and normal inflow is 5.7 cfs. The structure is located at 2,228 feet above mean sea level.

Collections of the fishes in the tailwaters of Beaver Reservoir were made during the spring and summer of 1968. The present study is a continuation of an investigation designed to follow the development of the ichthyofauna in the cold tailwaters below Beaver Dam, Arkansas. A total of 527 fishes representing 21 species, 12 genera, and 7 families has been identified. Eight species collected in 1968 were not reported by Brown, et al. (1967) and 7 species reported in the 1967 publication were not collected in this study. Campostoma anoma/um was still the most abundant cyprinid collected and darters were also abundant. In the 1968 study more species of centrarchids were collected than previously reported. Both Sa/mo trutta and Sa/mo gairdneri are now present in the tailwaters of Beaver Dam.

Length-weight data from 196 fish and spine samples from 125 fish taken August 5, 1965 were used to determine growth and age composition of blue catfish in the upper Tombigbee River in Western Alabama. Mortality rates were calculated in an effort to determine the abundance of harvestable age classes of fish. The 1964 year class was represented by one specimen and no fish of the 1965 year class were taken in the sample area. The year classes prior to 1964 were well represented in the sample. The length-weight relationship indicates that weight increments increase rapidly after fish reach 25 inches total length.

One phase of an evaluation of antimycin as a piscicide in ten ponds and lakes in the Southeast involved a study of its effect on plankton and bottom organisms. Net zooplankton in the groups Cladocera, Copepoda, Rototaria and nauplii larvae were enumerated before and after the application of 5.0 ppb antimycin. All groups were severely reduced and some disappeared following the treatment. Bottom organisms in the groups Tendipedidae, Ceratopogonidae and Culicidae were enumerated. Bottom organisms in these groups did not disappear following antimycin applications. Probably reasons are discussed.

Two lots of the Arkansas strain of cha.nnel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, containing both albino and ngrmal fish, were acclimated in the laboratory at a constant temperature of 30.0 C. Samples of albino and normal fish were exposed to a lethal temperature of 39.0 o C. The albinos from both lots had the highest mean survival time, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Nitrogen content of fertilizer formulations influenced the amount of organic and inorganic phosphorus found in the bottom soil of fish ponds flooded with water of medium hardness and alkalinity.

Threadfin shad. Dorosoma petenense. were first introduced into Bull Shoals Reservoir in 1961. Based on fish collected in 1966 and 1967. weighted average calculated total lengths of females at the end of each successive year of life were 66. 118. 134 and 141 millimeters. and of males 64. 118 and 123 millimeters. Growth of threadfin shad in Bull Shoals was slower than in more southern and temperate regions, but life span was longer. A strong year class in 1964 was indicated by the Presence of a relatively high number of 2-year-old fish in 1966 and 3-year-old fish in 1967. The ratio of females to males in cove rotenone samples was 3.8 to 1. while in midwater trawl samples the ratio was 1.0 to 1. Threadfin shad comprised 80 percent of the total shad population by number. but only 17 percent by weight.

A year-round creel census was conducted on Lake Fort Smith, Arkansas from August, 1957 through December, 1961. Typically, maximal fishing pressure began in March and April and terminated in May when turbidity from heavy runoffs made the lake less desirable for fishing; substantial pressure returned in July but dwindled by October. Yearly pressure varied from 12.72 to 28.70 man-hours/acre/year; largemouth bass dominated the catch. Fishing pressure was correlated with fishing success indicating the localized nature of the fishermen using the lake.

Man's overall manipulation of land and water resources has not always been in the best interests of recreational or aesthetic values. This will bear particular emphasis where the wildlife and fisheries aspects of recreation are concerned. Governmental agencies designated to perform specific functions in land and water management have pursued their objectives with vigor and ever increasing efficiency but nevertheless with singleness of purpose. In delta regions, wildlife, fish and related recreational activities have, for the most part, been ignored in a vast plan of agricultural improvement which has transformed even the most remote niches of wildlife habitat into intensively farmed "biological deserts". Streams are channeled to provide accelerated drainage and wetlands and natural lakes are dried up by this form of progress.

In 1964, five sections of the Shenandoah River ranging from 9.0 miles to 15.3 miles in length (average 11.4 miles) were selected for an airplane census of fishermen. The census was conducted on a randomized schedule2 for both days of the week and time of day for the counts, with weekend days weighted because of heavier fishing pressure on those days. These data for 1964 through 1967 were used to compute the total fishing pressure in these sections. Creel clerks were employed on a part-time basis in each of the five sections to gather information on the number of smallmouth bass, both undersize and legal size, as well as the number and sizes of channel catfish, sunfish, and other species caught. The number of hours each fisherman fished were also recorded. In three of the sections, mail boxes with measuring boards at hand were supplied at boat landings, or other points of access, so that voluntary reports could also be supplied by anglers.

The effects of supplemental feeding and controlled fishing in sUPPlementally fed largemouth bass-bluegill populations were studied in one control pond and two treatment ponds. The ponds were stocked in March and April, 1963. One treatment and the control pond were drained in October, 1964. The objective of this phase of the study was to determine the effects of supplemental feeding on growth rate, condition index, and survival of bluegill, and on population balance and total production. A second phase of the experiment, restricting the harvest in a given time interval on a 3.5-acre pond, was begun in 1964 and terminated in October, 1967. Bluegill in all ponds grew at comparable rates for the first 6 months after stocking. Seven months after stocking, bluegill in the treatment ponds were significantly heavier than those in the control pond.

A cooperative fishery survey of the terminal 33 miles of the Little Tennessee River, a tailwater environment, was made using an unequal probability sampling creel census and limited population sampling. From June 1964 to June 1965, 29,349 anglers caught 64,714 fish at a rate of 0.75 fish per-angler-hour, or 2.2 fish per-angler-day. Of all anglers, 56% were successful, 91% lived within 40 miles of the stream, and the average expense per-trip was $2.41. The catch was 70.5% trout, 16.3% sauger, and 13.2% other species. All trout and 83% of all fish were caught in the upper half (14 miles) of the river. The catch in the lower half was 80% sauger. Various sizes and species of marked trout were stocked at different times to determine best management methods. Returns from catchable-sized brown trout were slow but extended. Catchable rainbow returns ranged from 78 to 96%. Early spring stocking gave best distribution of fish to more anglers.

Marking is accomplished by embedding fluorescent pigment into the dermal tissue of fish with compressed air. The principal species evaluated were largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, redear sunfish, Lepomis microhophus, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Marking rate was approximately 1500-2000 fingerling size fish per hour with a two-".,'m team. Mark detection requires ultraviolet light. Air pressure and application distance are critical factors in marking success. Best results were obtained using an air pressure range of 85-200 psi from a distance of 12 to 18 inches. After 9 months mark retention on largemouth bass and bluegi II was 95% and 96.8% respectively. Redear exhibited 100% pigment retention for an 11 month period. Mark retention on channel catfish was 100% during a 10 month experiment. Results indicate marks will be retained by certain species for a much longer period, although mark quality will reduce with time.

The growth of fish is an important factor in the useful studies of fish populations. There are several well known methods of comparing growth of fish. Only one will be discussed in this paper. This method uses the formula W; KLn where W is weight in grams, k is a constant, L is length in millimeters, and n is a power, usually near 3. This paper will espouse a variant of the formula, equating W ; KL3. Here, the variable n becomes a constant 3, eliminating the vagaries of n; and the constant k now becomes a variable K changing with length, in order to maintain mathematical validity. K varies with L in this paper although it could be made to vary with Wand to some approximate degree with age. It will be shown that the equation holds regardless of the size of the fish. The advantage of the simplified hyperbolic equation is that it reduces the imput to three variables.

A study was undertaken to determi ne the value of a small otter trawl as a collection tool in 11 reservoirs in Northeast Texas. The collection unit consisted of four sets of 150-foot experimental gill nets, two drags with a 26-foot bag seine and two runs with a la-foot trawl. The seine and trawl collections were made both during the day and at night. Seining accounted for most of the 44 species of fish taken, while trawling produced the greatest number of specimens. Four species were taken only from gill nets, six only by seining and trawling added two exclusive species of fish to the collection list. Trawling has certain limitations and does not replace either gill nets or seines, but serves as a supplement to these two standard methods of collection.

Sodium cyanide has been an effective method for sampling the stream fish populations in Eastern Tennessee. Its portability makes it a practical stream management tool. Cyanide is an excellent cold weather sampling method. Three ounces of cyanide in trout streams and 6 ounces in warmwater streams per cubic foot a second flow will sample 100 yards. In water colder than 55°F mortality of fish is not acute. Rainbow trout and various warmwater fish collected with cyanide and held in aquaria showed no deleterious effects from exposure to the chemical. Reduction in stream invertebrate populations after cyanide application is evident.

The National Survey of Needs for Hatchery Fish was a cooperative effort by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the 50 States to obtain information for estimating future nationwide requirements for hatchery fish. During 1966, data were collected on present and future: (1) amount and types of sport fish habitat; (2) amount and types of habitat stocked; (3) numbers and types of fishermen; (4) stocking requirements; and (5) hatchery fish production capabilities. Inland fishing waters amounted to nearly 82 million acres in 1965 and will increase 10 million acres by 2000. Half of the waters are stocked. There were 29 million freshwater fishermen in 1965 and by 2000 there will be almost 64 million. There was a deficit of 287 million hatchery salmon in 1965 and by 1980 the deficit may reach 709 million. Requirements for trout exceeded production in 1965 by 1 million pounds and future deficits are forecast.

Twenty sets of fish collection data were used to compare seven diversity indices. The data sets were chosen to represent the wide variation in habitat, ecologic condition, salinity, as well as other factors, encountered in fishery work. Cross comparisons of several index rankings were made and the dependencies of the various indices discussed. Variation of index score with number of species and with sample size was examined. Results indicate four indices may be applied to fishery work.

Food of striped bass 10 mm. to 110 mm. standard length cultured at the State Fish Hatchery, Durant, Oklahoma was determined during the summer of 1967. Diet of fish in the 10 mm. to 30 mm. class consisted mainly of copepods, supplemented by cladocera and insects. After reaching 30 mm., bass utilized fewer copepods but more cladocera and more insects. Insects and c1adocera then formed the majority of the diet in fish from 60mm. to 100mm. Over two-thirds of the volume of planktonic crustacea eaten were Diaphanosoma sp. Other important crustacea were Diaptomus sp. and Daphnia sp. Fish did not enter the diet until bass reached 69mm. standard length and fish were not important in the diet until bass were over 90mm. No monthly variations in feeding habits were detected. The culicid, Chaoborus sp. was also a significant food item of the smallest length class examined.