Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies

We located 18 Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia; RGWT) winter roost sites and 18 random sites at three study areas in Brooks and Kennedy Counties from December 2006 to February 2008. Our objective was to determine microhabitat structural characteristics of RGWT winter roosts that distinguished them from random locations in south Texas. At each roost, we measured tree height, diameter at breast height (dbh), canopy cover, and tree density. Variables were tested for normality using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A t-test was used to examine differences between roost and random sites for those variables found to be normally distributed; the Mann-Whitney test was used for variables that were non-normally distributed. Roost trees were 33.0% taller (P ≤ 0.0001; x = 9.39 + 0.08 m [SE]) than trees at random points (6.32 + 0.04 m) and had 41.3% larger dbh (P ≤ 0.0001; x = 31.79 + 0.59 cm) than random points (18.66 + 0.22 cm).

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission biologists evaluated the fishing activity and environmental attitudes of campers following participation in the Joe Budd Summer Fish Camp. The study's objectives were to determine if attending fish camp enhanced long-term fishing participation and awareness of and importance of protecting aquatic resources. Findings were based on a 19-question survey received from 260 (75.1%) campers who had participated in at least one week of camp from 2000 through 2006. Participants in a school based fishing program (n = 258) were used as a comparison group. More than 93% of campers, with no prior fishing experience, continued to fish after attending fish camp. Nearly two-thirds of campers that showed moderate (3 to 10 times per year) fishing activity prior to attending camp increased their fishing activity following camp. Attending a long-term angler education program increased the number of days fishing each year by campers.

Freshwater mussels (family:Unionidae) play an important role in aquatic ecosystems. Approximately 53 unionid species exist in Texas and 38% of these species are thought to be highly imperiled. In 1998, Texas Mussel Watch (TMW), a Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Texas Nature Trackers Program, first trained a group of 20 volunteers to help TPWD document the presence or absence of freshwater mussel species in the rivers, lakes, streams, and ponds of Texas. Over 200 volunteers have participated in TMW workshops since the inception of the project, logged over 1,000 volunteer hours, covered over 150 sites in 18 Texas river systems in 53 counties, and recorded the presence 39 unionid species. During TMW workshops, participants are presented with information on the distribution, biology, and identification of unionids in Texas, as well as information on non-native species such as Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha).

The Toyota Texas Bass Classic (TTBC) is a professional bass fishing tournament that promotes fishing and the conservation efforts of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD). This unique bass tournament, created through a partnership among Gulf States Toyota, the Professional Anglers Association, and TPWD, showcases a new “catch-weigh-immediate release” format that differs from typical stage weigh-in practices. Two events held at Lake Fork, Texas, in 2007 and 2008 demonstrated the utility of the format on a fishery managed with a slot limit. This new format opens doors for conducting professional bass tournaments on reservoirs managed with restrictive size limits and gives fisheries managers' opportunities to reconsider these types of limits on reservoirs where tournament fishing has influenced the selection of less restrictive limits.

Carter Creek is a third-order stream located in the Navasota River drainage. It runs through urban and agricultural lands along the eastern edge of Bryan and College Station, Texas, and receives secondary treated wastewater at three locations. Fish samples were taken from five different sites in fall 2007 and three different sites in spring 2008 and compared based on the metrics used for an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). All fish caught were by the use of straight seines and bag seines. Preliminary analysis indicates that ten species made up 95% of all fish collected across both years, and among these were five native cyprinids (blacktail shiner, red shiner, Mississippi silvery minnow, bullhead minnow, and pugnose minnow), seven invertivores (including longear sunfish and blackstripe topminnow), three omnivores, five tolerant (including Western mosquitofish and bluegill), and one intolerant species (Ribbon shiner).

Two named subspecies of sheepshead exist in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Archosargus probatocephalus probatocephalus and A. p. oviceps). These subspecies are morphologically distinctive; previously published data was used to demonstrate that frequency distributions of each of five meristic counts are significantly different between the subspecies (P < 0.05). However, genetic characteristics suggest limited divergence. For instance, Bayesian structure analysis of microsatellite genotypes indicated that all sampled populations of Gulf of Mexico sheepshead constitute a single stock, with a posterior probability of P ∼− 0.9999. Variance partitioning of mtDNA haplotypes suggests significant but limited divergence between subspecies (Fst = 0.036, P < 0.005), but isolation by distance, rather than subdivision among discreet genetic stocks, is likely driving the significance of variance analyses.

In May 2006, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department enacted a regulation which prohibits the uprooting of seagrasses by propellers within the Redfish Bay State Scientific Area (RBSSA) located in Aransas and Corpus Christi Bays, Texas. Two complementary studies were implemented to evaluate the efficacy of the new regulation and to quantify the magnitude of propeller scarring. In the first study, 35 randomly-selected 100-m transects were established and the total number of propeller scars on each transect were recorded annually, with qualitative and quantitative information collected on each scar. Following enactment of the regulation, significantly fewer scars (69%) were observed (P < 0.0001). Prop scars recovered rapidly; of the 97 scars observed in 2006, 91 were considered recovered in 2007. In the second study, high resolution aerial imagery (0.1 m) was acquired in spring 2006 and 2007 and estimates of scarring were generated using automated feature extraction methods.

The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department's saltwater creel survey is conducted at boat-access sites from 1000 to 1800 hours. Fishing trips concluding outside of this time period are not intercepted. In particular, nighttime fishing trips concluding before 1000 hours are not intercepted, but these trips seasonally target specific fisheries, e.g., southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in the fall, which may account for a significant portion of the total harvest. We re-evaluated the 1000 to 1800 hour survey period and monitored nighttime boating activity at boat-access sites with surreptitiously placed “trail cams.” These cameras were used coastwide from October through December 2007 to hourly record empty trailers parked at boat ramps used most often by nighttime flounder anglers. A total of 2,135 usable images captured 11,520 empty trailers, with the highest counts occurring between 0700 and 1800 hours. Boat ramp use declined from October to December.

Since the inception of Texas' Abandoned Crab Trap Removal Program in 2002, volunteers and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) staff have removed 24,047 abandoned crab traps from the coastal waters of Texas. From 2002-2007 TPWD staff collected data from a minimum of 30 traps from each coastal ecosystem, recording numbers and species of organisms observed, trap condition, location, and presence of trap owner identification, escape rings, and degradable panels. A total of 1,703 traps were studied. Forty-one species of organisms were observed with the majority (53%) made up of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), followed by Gulf stone crab (Menippe adina) 21%, sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) 8%, and Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) 3%. Extrapolating the annual catch rate to the total number of traps removed each year, a potential total of 47,201 organisms would have been observed.

Between 1985 and 2007, Texas Parks and Wildlife conducted a trawl survey in the Texas Territorial Sea, extending from the beach out to 16.7 km and within 24.1 km on either side of passes at Sabine Pass, Galveston, Matagorda, Aransas Pass, and Brazos-Santiago Pass, where sampling occurred in an area 48.2 km north from the Texas-Mexico border. All samples were within NMFS statistical zones 17-21. Random sample locations were stratified by Gulf area and 16 month-1 stratum-1 were collected (n = 21,353). Mean total length (TL) of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) was 90 mm (± 0.31 SE, n = 7,688). Coastwide mean catch h-1 (CPUE) was 2.1 (± 0.11 SE), although catch rates were low along the northern Texas coast with only 16.6% of red snapper CPUE from Sabine Pass to Matagorda (zones 17-19). Aransas Pass (zone 20) and Brazos-Santiago Pass (zone 21) dominated red snapper catches with 43.8% and 39.6% of total CPUE, respectively.

America's boaters and anglers need to be fully engaged in the aquatic invasive species (AIS) issue. In the United States, there are 12.7 million boaters and 40 million anglers. If they are unaware of the AIS issue and do not know what to do, they pose great threats for the spread of harmful invasive fish, plants, and other organisms. While research shows they are part of the problem, the good news is they are willing to be part of the solution. Several studies show they are willing to take action with the understanding that our waters are too valuable to allow them to be invaded. To address this issue, Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers! campaign partners teamed up with the Threat Campaign, led by Wildlife Forever, to expand the prevention message across the country to enlist an army of support in the battle against aquatic hitchhikers. Linking the Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers!

By the early 1990s, boat propeller scars were causing significant damage to seagrass beds in Redfish Bay, Texas. Efforts initiated by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) to address the problem began in 2000 with the designation of Redfish Bay as a State Scientific Area (RBSSA). An education and outreach program was initiated and three voluntary no-prop zones were established. However, these efforts were largely unsuccessful. Public comments made to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in 2005 indicated a strong desire by constituents to see a more effective education and outreach program in addition to any regulatory decree. In May 2006 a regulation went into effect which prohibited the destruction of seagrasses by boat propellers without precluding access to the area. In order to make user groups aware of the new regulation and the importance of seagrasses, an extensive outreach and education campaign began in January 2006.

Fishery-dependent and fishery-independent surveys indicate the southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) population along the Texas coast is declining. An analysis of water temperature indicates a negative correlation between flounder recruitment and winter temperatures. Years with warmer winter water temperatures result in low flounder recruitment, while years with cooler winter water temperatures yield higher recruitment. This effect is pronounced on the lower coast of Texas, from San Antonio Bay to the lower Laguna Madre, where higher water temperatures occur, and after 1991, when winter water temperatures increased up to 5 C above average. Possible explanations include direct effects, such as a decrease in hatching success as temperatures rise, and indirect effects, such as increased predation on flounder larvae and early juveniles when higher temperatures are present.

To assess the role of oyster reef as finfish habitat in Texas' estuarine systems, species abundance and diversity differences were compared between shoreline habitats and mid-water oyster reefs in East Matagorda Bay, Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife 183-m gill nets were deployed overnight for a 10-week period during both spring and fall at oyster reef habitat (one net per week) and shoreline habitats (two nets per week). Metrics used to evaluate each habitat type included abundance, diversity, length and gender. Results indicate significant differences in abundance and diversity of sub-adult and adult finfishes among habitat treatments. Additionally, differences between spotted seatrout gender ratios (Cynoscion nebulosus) on oyster reefs versus shoreline habitats were observed with a greater proportion of male spotted seatrout found on oyster habitat.

Lake Conroe has long been synonymous with controversial control of the exotic plant hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). Hydrilla was first identified in Lake Conroe in 1975, only two years after the reservoir was impounded. By the time it was identified in Lake Conroe hydrilla already occupied 190 ha. Subsequent surveys indicated hydrilla was spreading rapidly. By 1979, hydrilla had increased to over 1,821 ha in Lake Conroe and was causing significant problems for boaters, skiers, and swimmers. As a result of efforts by the Lake Conroe Association and its supporters and despite objections by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) staff, the Texas Legislature directed the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (now Texas AgriLife Extension Service) and TPWD to conduct a study to determine the efficacy, and other effects of grass carp use in Lake Conroe.

Lake Conroe is located approximately 93 km north of Houston, Texas, on the west fork of the San Jacinto River in Montgomery and Walker counties. Constructed in 1973 as a joint project of the City of Houston, the Texas Water Development Board, and the San Jacinto River Authority (SJRA) to serve as an alternate water source for the City of Houston, the reservoir covers about 8,498 ha. An expanding problem with the invasive plant hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) in 2006 prompted the creation of the Lake Conroe Vegetation Management Plan. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and SJRA developed the plan in cooperation with local homeowners, business owners, anglers, and other recreational users. The plan called for the reduction of hydrilla coverage to 16 ha or less by March 2008 by means of integrated pest management while protecting and enhancing the native aquatic plant community in Lake Conroe. In order to support the plan's overall goal the Seven Coves Bass Club (a B.A.S.S.

Angler surveys along with other modern research techniques provide managers with information needed to justify regulations to protect resources, to increase resources through stocking and habitat improvement, and to justify access improvement. However, Texas Parks and Wildlife (TPWD) receives little or no information from anglers concerning their activities on the majority of public waters. An online angler diary (OAD) system could substantially increase the number of water bodies from which TPWD receives at least anecdotal angler information. In order to create an efficient means of collecting and sharing angler data, the Inland Fisheries Division has asked the Resource Information System (RIS) team to create the OAD as a web-based application.

The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is widely distributed in North America and a common inhabitant of urban areas. Striped skunks represent a reservoir and vector for the transmission of diseases that pose a significant human health risk, including rabies and the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Therefore, understanding population structure and movements among striped skunk populations will assist in the management of disease issues within urban landscapes. Here we present a spatial analysis of striped skunk population structure within greater Houston, Texas, based on 7 microsatellite DNA markers amplified in 102 adult striped skunks. Although this highly developed urban landscape is bisected by major highways with high traffic volume (including Interstate 10 and US Hwy 59), we found no evidence for unique genetic clusters that might indicate barriers to dispersal. We detected weak genetic structure over the entire data set (FST = 0.031, P < 0.001).

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations are continuing a 30-year downward population trend throughout their range. Managers use supplemental corn (Zea mays) and milo (Sorghum spp.), trying to reverse the decline of bobwhite populations; however, results are conflicting among the published literature. Supplemental feed can influence bobwhite survival, reproduction, and movements, but only in situations where nutrients are truly lacking. Vitamin A, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), carbohydrates, and protein can be important nutrients for captive bobwhite egg production; however, controlled experiments are necessary to determine the impact of these nutrients on wild bobwhite populations.

Long-term population declines and conservation concerns resulting from large scale habitat loss have brought into question the biological justification of fixed, liberal harvest regulations as they apply to new world quail (Odontophoridae). As available quail habitat declines, biologically justifiable and sustainable methods of harvest will become essential components of quail management. Two hypotheses, the doomed-surplus hypothesis and the additive mortality hypothesis, attempt to provide a conceptual framework regarding the nature of mortality in hunted populations (i.e., compensatory vs. additive, respectively). Recent research indicates that harvest mortality is at least partially additive, which suggests that a strategy of sustained-yield harvest management may be more appropriate than fixed, liberal harvest regulations for quail populations.

There is growing concern about the impacts that exotic grasses may have on northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and other grassland birds. Large areas of South Texas have been seeded to or have been invaded by several species of exotic grasses including Guinea grass (Urochloa maxima), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), King Ranch bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum), Kleberg bluestem (Dichanthium annulatum), buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare), and Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana). Impacts of exotic grasses on northern bobwhite are largely unknown. While exotic grasses such as buffelgrass have the potential to provide roosting and nesting habitat for northern bobwhite, landscapes dominated by invasive exotic grasses are potentially detrimental to bobwhite habitat because of the negative impact these grasses may have on diversity and abundance of native herbaceous vegetation and arthropod communities.

Ecologically sound habitat management will be essential to reverse the current decline of grassland birds. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of two habitat management practices: (1) summer prescribed fire [SF], (2) a combined treatment of roller chopper, summer prescribed fire, and chemical application [CT], and (3) an open grassland [C] as “control” on wintering grassland-shrub bird community composition and abundance. Line transects of variable lengths were used to assess the bird community structure. Grassland bird species richness during first season was 31 and 15 species on summer fire and combined treatment, respectively. Compared to the first season, species richness on second and third season decreased 1.3 and 2.4 times, respectively, on SF, whereas on CT it increased and decreased 1.7 and 1.1 times during second and third season, respectively.

To ascertain potential ecological and landowner benefits of non-conventional agricultural systems, this project was designed to monitor cattle production and wildlife utilization of land areas that allow grazing cattle to harvest corn planted with no-till methods. In 2005-2008, study sites were located in four Mississippi counties, including four steer/heifer-grazed and harvested corn fields (SHS) and four conventionally-managed and combine-harvested corn fields (CHS). Forest wildlife species, such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), utilize agricultural areas as foraging habitat consuming residual grain left behind by non-conventional and mechanical harvesters (Graham 2000). When conducted properly, camera survey estimates provide adequate results in all habitat types (Jacobson 2002).

Aboveground vegetation of many species of submerged aquatic plants is an important food source for many species of waterbirds adapted to a diet high in fiber. Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima), a submerged aquatic plant inhabiting estuarine wetlands, has been documented as an important winter food for waterbirds along the Texas Gulf Coast. Thus, we examined availability of wigeongrass at Mad Island Wildlife Management Area (MIWMA), Texas, by estimating aboveground biomass from October through January 1998-99 and 2001-02. We also used an exclosure experiment to determine the extent to which herbivory by waterbirds was responsible for depletion of wigeongrass. Aboveground biomass of wigeongrass varied between years, among months, and among months within each year (interaction term). Biomass of wigeongrasss declined an average of 189 g m2 -1 and 71 g m2 -1 between October and January each year. Aboveground biomass also was influenced by the effect of exclosures within month.

The Fishes of Texas database compiled by the Texas Natural History Collection at the University of Texas at Austin consists of 65,876 freshwater records vouchered by specimens curated at 34 U.S., Mexican, and European collections, many unavailable online or in computerized format. An estimated 95% of all fish specimens ever collected in Texas since 1854 are represented, as are all known Texas freshwater species. All but 28 of Texas' 254 counties are represented in the 20,664 total localities, all now manually georeferenced. Locality plots reveal significant spatial gaps, and temporal distribution of sampling is similarly uneven, peaking in 1950-1970 then sharply declining. Post 1980, 27% of counties were not sampled at all and 90% were sampled <20 times. Clearly this database does not provide a current perspective on the state's fish fauna, but just as clearly it provides the best historic data ever available.

Aquatic vegetation plays an important role in freshwater systems, providing quality habitat for fish, sequestering nutrients, stabilizing sediments, and improving water clarity. Because many Texas reservoirs are either sparsely vegetated or contain an overabundance of non-native species such as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Texas Parks and Wildlife Department's Inland Fisheries Division began a new initiative to develop procedures for establishing diverse native aquatic plant communities. Establishment techniques were tested in seven reservoirs representing diverse geographical areas from 1998 through 2003. Aquatic plant species native to Texas and representing three growth forms (submersed, floating-leaved, and emergent) were used. Plant survival and spread was documented using GIS technology. Results were variable; however, founder colonies capable of long-term propagule production and spread were established in all seven reservoirs.

The ultimate success of natural resource decision-making depends upon knowledge gathered from several sources; e.g. biological data, institutional values and beliefs, and human dimensions information from affected constituents. Handfishing for catfish has been at the forefront of Missouri conservation since 2000. To determine the acceptability of handfishing to Missouri anglers we conducted a survey of licensed anglers in 2004. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of survey question wording on angler response and the potential for different policy outcomes resulting from the different wording. We designed two versions of a survey to gauge angler support for legalizing handfishing and to determine what impact, if any, different question wording had on levels of support for handfishing. Version 1 resulted in a 33% level of support for legalizing handfishing, while Version 2 resulted in 50% support.

Catfish managers and researchers were asked to participate in an online survey describing current information needs, sampling techniques, and known gear biases for projects during 2002-2006. One hundred eighty two responses were collected in a four-month period in early 2006. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were the most targeted species, followed by flathead (Pylodictis olivaris) and blue (I. furcatus) catfish, respectively. A variety of methods were used to collect catfishes. Flathead and blue catfish were most often sampled by low-frequency electrofishing (30 Hz or less), whereas channel catfish were often sampled with a variety of gears. Sixty-one percent of respondents indicated a need for information concerning sampling gear efficiency and gear bias. Limited quantitative information exists regarding bias of gears used to sample catfish, especially low-frequency electrofishing.

Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) is recognized as a widely distributed and valuable freshwater species, but few reports have described estuarine populations in coastal river systems. We conducted a two-year study to assess the age, growth, mortality, and fecundity of yellow perch in Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. Fish were collected (n = 2,674) in 2005 and 2006 (January-February) by trap from Yeopim River, Yeopim Creek, and Bethel Creek. Yellow perch ranged in age from 1-9 years, and the catch was dominated by age-2 fish (82.1%) in 2005 and age-3 fish (84.2%) in 2006. Lengths ranged from 130 to 292 mm TL (meanfemale = 231.1 ± 3.3 S.E. mm TL; meanmale = 177.8 ± 12.1 mm TL). Length distribution and age frequency data suggest that 2003 was a successful year class for yellow perch in Albemarle Sound. Instantaneous total mortality (Z) was 0.35 (annual mortality 30%), and was similar to estimates from Chesapeake Bay.

The increasing importance of the walleye (Sander vitreus) fishery in the New River, Virginia, and recent research findings showing persistence of a presumptive native stock motivated a seven-year program of hatchery-based restoration of the native fishery. Candidate spawners were collected from spawning areas, and DNA from fin clips was genotyped at two microsatellite loci. Candidates exhibiting alleles at the Svi17 and Svi33 loci that characterize the presumptive native stock were spawned. Their young were reared at one of four fish hatcheries in Virginia and West Virginia. Approximately 600,000 fry and 800,000 fingerlings were stocked in riverine sections of the New River in Virginia and West Virginia. Since stocking began, ages 0-3 walleye have become much more abundant at the upper New River spawning areas. Catch rates in spring electrofishing samples have increased from 3 to 17 fish per hour in Virginia and from 1.2 to 26.6 fish per hour in West Virginia.

River herring (alewife [Alosa pseudoharengus] and blueback herring [A. aestivalis]) within the Albemarle Sound basin in North Carolina once supported large commercial fisheries that have declined dramatically since the 1970s. Overfishing, poor water quality, and habitat loss have been suggested as causes of this decline. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of water quality on the hatching success of blueback herring eggs in the Chowan River, a major tributary to Albemarle Sound. We combined eggs and milt obtained from running-ripe fish and placed incubators containing fertilized eggs at 11 sites throughout the basin. Mean hatch rates at field sites ranged from 26% to 89%, compared to a mean of 92% for control trials carried out using distilled water. An analysis of covariance indicated that hatch rates were significantly related to the dissolved oxygen level and were lower at sites on smaller tributaries when compared to sites on the mainstem of the Chowan River.

We evaluated three low frequency electrofishing pulse rates (30, 15, and 7.5 pulses per second [pps]) for differences in relative abundance, size structure and species composition of catfish species in two north Florida rivers (Apalachicola and Suwannee). Three species of catfish were collected from each river: Apalachicola River-flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), and blue catfish (I. furcatus); Suwannee River-spotted bullhead (Ameiurus serracanthus), channel catfish, and white catfish (I. catus). In both rivers, the dominant catfish species (Apalachicola: flathead catfish; Suwannee: spotted bullhead) was collected similarly with all three pulse rates. However, significant differences occurred in relative abundance, size structure, and species composition of the less dominant species in both systems.

A two-part sediment sampler (stationary base and removable trap) was designed for a long-term study of stream sedimentation associated with highway construction. Before the long-term study, a laboratory study in an experimental flume examined efficacies of our sampler and two other sediment samplers: a modified core sampler and Whitlock-Vibert boxes. Based on the flume experiment, the efficacy of our sediment sampler was consistent with that of core and Whitlock-Vibert samplers. The advantage of our two-part sediment sampler design is that it allows for repeated removal of sediment samples without continual disturbance of the streambed. It also minimizes labor necessary to collect sediment samples. Our sampler is designed for long term monitoring of streams impacted by sedimentation and not for characterization of stream substrate composition.

Stock-recruit (SR) relationships have been reported for numerous stocks of trout and Pacific salmon, but despite the intuitive appeal, evidence of such relationships is lacking for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). The relationship between number of adults spawning in a stream and the subsequent number of young produced can be used by management to predict year class strength. Disruptions of SR relationships (for species that exhibit strong relationships) can be indicative of environmental perturbations or habitat impairment. As part of a long-term study we have estimated brook trout abundance and measured habitat and water quality in 25 headwater streams in West Virginia since 2003. These streams span 4 geologies and include: Hampshire group, Mauch Chunk, Chemung, Pottsville, and Pottsville streams limed by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection.

We conducted acoustic surveys at National Park Service and state park properties in south-central West Virginia to create bat habitat association models across a large, topographically complex and relatively intact Appalachian Hardwood landscape representative of the Allegheny Plateau portion of the central Appalachians. We developed generalized and species-specific groups of a priori habitat association models to predict bat presence using various microhabitat and landscape features linked to body-size, wing morphology, food habits and echolocation call characteristics for seven species. Habitat associations for the species generally followed expectations based on previous research in the region.

State wildlife management agencies use harvest regulations to manage white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds at sustainable levels while providing recreational opportunities for sportspersons. State agencies face increasing challenges when managing white-tailed deer because hunter expectations and satisfaction levels vary. Changes in harvest regulations that may influence hunter expectations and satisfaction should be evaluated by state agencies considering alternative management strategies. We conducted a mail survey of white-tailed deer hunters in Arkansas to evaluate opinions of what constituted a “quality deer” and to determine which factors contributed to hunter expectations for an enjoyable deer season. Sixty-six percent of respondents felt that the chance to harvest a mature buck was an extremely important component of an enjoyable hunting season. Forty-four percent of respondents thought the opportunity of seeing deer while hunting was important.

We conducted a five-year study during the 2001-2005 hunting seasons to determine the economic impacts of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) hunting in Mississippi. Activity days for state residents ranged from 2,390,619 to 3,181,957 and for non-residents, 265,103 to 357,253. Total economic impacts ranged from US $761 million to $1.03 billion (in 2007 dollars). Over the five years, number of full- and part-time jobs supported by deer hunting activities ranged from 26,489 to 37,888. Aggregated economic sectors benefiting the most were services, manufacturing, and trade. Statewide economic multipliers were low (from 1.63 to 1.65) compared to other types of recreation expenditures but nevertheless represent a $1.63 to $1.65 return on every dollar spent on white-tailed deer hunting in Mississippi.

As exurbia becomes more dominant in our landscape, the number of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in parklands surrounded by housing increases and creates new challenges in deer management. Traditional harvest regimes often are not possible in areas with heavy human use. Instead, many managers use controlled hunts to reduce deer abundance. We studied the efficacy of a two-day controlled shotgun hunt on Fair Hill Natural Resource Management Area, Cecil County, Maryland. Deer density was 48 deer/km2, adult sex ratio was 5.3 does/buck (SE = 1.45), and fawn-doe ratio was 0.88 fawns/doe (SE = 0.054). The average fecundity for adults, yearlings, and fawns were 1.76, 1.44, and 0.06 fetuses/doe, respectively. Survival rate of adult does was 0.66 (SE = 0.07), with harvest as the most prominent mortality cause (85.7%), followed by deer auto collisions (14.3%).

Quality deer management (QDM) advocates the protection of younger-age white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) bucks, but the subsequent survival of these animals remains unknown. We conducted a study to investigate the impact and importance of harvest and non-harvest mortality factors on adult male white-tailed deer in Mississippi on areas managed under QDM. We captured 408 deer and fitted 238 adult bucks with radio collars from February 1990 until January 1997. During the study, we documented 185 mortalities, which were used to estimate survival and cause-specific mortality rates. Harvest-related and natural mortality accounted for 75% and 12% of buck losses, respectively. Annual survival rates ranged from 0.50 to 0.82 and differed among age classes. Seasonal survival rates ranged from 0.48 to 1.0, with survival during February-September greater than during October-January.

Despite recent stabilization in measured indices, American woodcock (Scolopax minor) populations have demonstrated long-term population declines since 1968 as measured by the Federal Singing-Ground and Wing-Collection surveys. We quantified long-trends in annual sex and age ratios, recruitment index, and changes in body mass of 3,022 woodcock harvested in eastern Texas during winters of 1977-78 through 2002-03. The mean juvenile:adult ratio was 0.58 and none of the annual values exceeded 1.0. This ratio declined significantly over time for females. The male:female ratio for all birds also declined from 1977 to 2002. The calculated recruitment index (number of harvested young/harvested female) of 1.03 for this population was nearly 50% lower than the published (1.9) Federal index for Texas from 1963-2005. There was a negative yearly trend in wintering body mass for adult males and adult females, with both groups experiencing a 3% decline.

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was designed to remove highly erodible cropland from production. Although wildlife habitat benefits are an important component of CRP, millions of hectares of CRP do not produce optimal wildlife benefit because of poor cover crop choice. Kentucky-31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea; hereafter, fescue) was one of the most commonly planted grasses on CRP fields but provides relatively poor habitat for grassland birds such as northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). Control of fescue and release of a latent native plant community may enhance habitat value of CRP fields for northern bobwhite and other grassland birds. During 1999-2000, we evaluated effects of various spring herbicide applications, both singular and in combination, on vegetation structure and composition in fescue-dominated CRP fields. Glyphosate produced the poorest fescue control, released an undesirable johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) stand, and suppressed legumes.

Go Fish Georgia is an initiative intended to boost the state's economic development while transforming Georgia into a world-class fishing destination. The initiative will capitalize on Georgia's diverse fishing opportunities and provide improved fishing and recreation access points throughout Georgia. The three primary goals of Go Fish Georgia are to: 1) improve the quality of fishing in Georgia waters by enhancing fish habitat and by improving fish stocks including the construction of a new state-of-the-art hatchery/research facility, 2) develop and/or improve access to Georgia waters from smaller, underutilized aquatic resources up to the development of a system of major fishing event access areas on Georgia's larger reservoirs and rivers, and 3) increase fishing participation by promoting Georgia resources through a new Go Fish Georgia Center.

Ecological restoration projects have come and gone over the years. Some have succeeded and others have failed. The projects that have succeeded in the long run have one element in common: society decided to adopt and support the fundamental concepts of the restoration project. The Missouri Department of Conservation's (MDC) Alligator Gar Restoration project began with almost immediate support for various reasons. This was not by accident. MDC involved the Missouri public in a variety of ways to gain social acceptance for a species that had been hated for decades. Our presentation will outline the different steps that MDC took to ensure a good response from Missouri residents. These steps allowed us to put youth to work, recruit future fish biologists, gain a substantial workforce to complete research, acquire free media attention, all while gaining public support for the project.

Fish movement is an important ecological component to the any lotic ecosystem. The Ohio River was once a large free-flowing system, but since the early 1880s this large river system has been altered to its current state of navigation pools and tailwater reaches. To determine movement of highly migratory fish species, a study was conducted on sauger, hybrid striped bass, and paddlefish to ascertain movement patterns and the influence of riverine conditions. Fish were inserted with either t-bar anchor tags (sauger and hybrid striped bass) or coded wire tags with elastomer marks (paddlefish). Movement of sauger was primarily in the upstream direction with greater than 50% displaying movement through at least one lock and dam complex. Interestingly, less than 1% of all sauger tags returns were from fish moving in a downstream direction. Hybrid striped bass displayed an equal tendency to move in both directions.

Catfish in the Ohio River have been a target of commercial fishers for years and are increasingly being sought by hook and line enthusiasts as well. Because of this growing popularity, the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife began looking at age and growth of channel, blue, and flathead catfish in 2004. Capture methods included obtaining fish from sport anglers and using hoop nets, trotlines, and electrofishing. By 2007, otoliths from nearly 1,000 catfish have been examined. Of the three species of catfish present in the Ohio River, blue catfish grows the fastest followed by flathead catfish. However, there is considerable variability in fish length and weight for the same aged catfish. Differences in growth also exist between male and female catfish for two of the three species. Blue and flathead catfish males and females grow at similar rates up to approximately 34-36 inches. After that point male growth in length and weight surpass females in both species.

Over a century of coal mining in the Cheat River watershed in northern West Virginia resulted in abandoned coal mines that have generated massive amounts of acid mine drainage (AMD) and depressed or eliminated fish populations in Cheat River and Cheat Lake. However, approximately 185 land reclamation and water treatment projects have been completed since 1994 in order to reduce AMD in the Cheat watershed and restore fish populations. A rotary drum neutralization station was constructed on Blackwater River in the upper Cheat watershed in 1994. This restored 6.5-km of trout water on the Blackwater River and provides some alkalinity to the Cheat River. Fish surveys at Seven Islands on Cheat River downstream of the Blackwater in 1959, 1973, 1980, and 1999 produced standing crops of 67, 30, 24, and 65 kg/ha. Historic AMD input from Blackwater River and improvements from neutralization in 1994 are reflected in this data.

Intersex is a gonadal abnormality in which both testicular and ovarian tissues are present in an organism known to be gonochoristic. This condition has been observed in several locations, one of which is the Potomac River. There are several chemical contaminants with endocrine disrupting properties that have been suggested as possible contributors to intersex. The purpose of this study is to analyze what contaminants are present, and to determine if these have any effect on sperm quality or intersex severity in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in the Potomac. Samples were collected by boat electrofishing in May 2006 from three sites in the South Branch of the Potomac River and one site in the Gauley River. The three South Branch sites are in areas with historically high intersex occurrence. The site on the Gauley serves as the control site. Gonads were collected from 38 male fish.

Recently an intersex condition, defined as the presence of oocytes in the testes of male gonochoristic fish, has been observed in smallmouth bass in the South Branch of the Potomac River, West Virginia, which indicates exposure to exogenous estrogens. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC's) are generally hydrophobic and would tend to be found within the sediment of aquatic environments. Few studies have attempted to show the effects of exposure to EDCs on fish using sediment chemical extracts. We have developed a mass sediment extraction technique to determine the effects of extracted chemicals from three sites (Springfield, Petersburg, and Franklin) on reproductive performance of adult mating pairs of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) for 14 days. Sediments were divided, sonicated separately with two solvents (hexane and ethyl acetate:acetone (50:50), and filtered three times.

The recent spread of the swim bladder nematode parasite, Anguillicola crassus, in American eels (Anguilla rostrata) along the Atlantic coast has caused concern among biologists and fishery managers. This study documented the presence of A. crassus in yellow-phase American eels on the Shenandoah River, West Virginia. Two hundred eels were collected at Millville Dam during fall 2006 and summer 2007. Swim bladders were removed and examined for the presence of the adult nematode parasite. The number of adult parasites in each eel was recorded, and prevalence (percent of infected eels), intensity (number of nematodes per infected host), and mean intensity (average number of nematodes per infected host in a sample of hosts) were calculated. We plan to measure the relationship between length and age to parasite infestation rate. This is the first study that confirms the presence of A. crassus in the upper freshwater portion of the Potomac River watershed.