Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies

The enforcement of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act has been delegated to the Permit Branch of the Corps of Engineers. The scope of the jurisdiction of the Permit Branch is discussed as well as the procedures of enforcement of Federal Regulations. The methods and problems of resolving an unauthorized fill activity in waters of the United States is discussed. The influence of public interest in issuing a permit in an environmentally sensitive area is discussed through a case history. The influence of public interest in issuing permits and the broad reaching jurisdiction of the Corps Permit Branch will experience changes through the forthcoming legislative sessions.

Mississippi has attempted to control its beaver population by paying bounties, hiring trappers, releasing alligators, and by providing trapper education. The trapper education program, coordinated with the state's fur industry has proven to be an effective beaver control system. Suggestions are given for maximizing the effectiveness of the fur industry in predator control.

With the electronic age, there has come a small electrical fishing device no larger than an ice cube. This new electronic telephone, in the hands of dishonest flshermen, has created a challenge for the Texas Game Warden. A challenge that has resulted in research and law change.

Do sophisticated electronic surveillance devices have a place in wildlife law enforcement? Some say yes and some say no. The Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission has proven, through application of basic surveillance techniques and procedures in conjunction with electronic devices, that these devices are one of the most valuable tools in wildlife law enforcement today. These devices are available, easy to use, dependable and adequate units are inexpensive. With a few minutes of instroction and a little practical experience, investigators can become very proficient in the use of these devices. If a few basic legal guidelines concerning the use of this equipment are followed, violations can be recorded for evidentiary use. "A picture is worth a thousand words," and a video recording with audio is even better. Decide for yourself.

The authors emphasize the need for a good public relations plan by each wildlife enforcement officer. Various areas of this plan are discussed.

Winter home ranges and movements of northern and Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides salmoides and M. s. floridanus) in a heated cove of Boomer Lake, Oklahoma, were estimated by using ultrasonic telemetry. Within the heated cove, individuals of both subspecies (3 northern, 2 Florida) occupied home ranges that appeared to be related to the distribution of heated water, cover, current, depth, and food. Other fish of both subspecies left the heated cove and did not return. No periodic migrations into or out of the heated cove were observed, although tagged bass frequently moved among several limited areas of cover within the cove. No clear behavioral differences between subspecies were found that might explain the lower over-winter survival of Florida largemouth bass in Boomer Lake, but it appeared that mortality was not due solely to low temperature.

Texas stocks of northern and Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides salmoides and M. s. floridanus) were compared for resistance to cold shock. The 45 advanced fmgerlings of each subspecies had nearly identical rearing histories and were acclimated to a common temperature near 21 C. Laboratory tests were conducted at constant temperatures ranging from 5.3 to 13.5 C. Over all tests, more than twice as many Florida bass as northern bass died during the 7 days ofobservation. Weestimated that the 96-h median tolerance limit was about 6 C for northern bass and about 8.5 C for the Florida bass. These fmdings are consistent with the hypothesis that Florida bass stocked outside their original range may suffer higher overwinter mortality, owing to lesser cold tolerance, than native northern bass.

A study was conducted to determine if any growth rate differences occurred between two subspecies oflargemouth bass during the first 6 months ofgrowth. Two ponds near Lenoir City, Tennessee, were partitioned into equal halves by a nylon fish barrier. Northern strain fingerlings (Micropterus salmoides salmoides) were stocked in one side of each pond and Florida bass (M. s.jloridanus) in the other sides. Micropterus salmoides salmoides showed a significantly faster rate of growth (1.0% level) than M. s. jloridanus. Mean coefficients of condition (K) and specific growth rates (G) were consistently higher for M. s. salmoides during the study period. Since the subspecies were grown in the same water under apparently similar environmental conditions but separated by a barrier, growth differences observed from the fingerling state (1 month old) to 5 months of age were thought to be genetic in nature.

Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, northern largemouth bass, M. s. salmoides, and their F' hybrid were stocked in a new 420 ha reservoir, and their growth, relative survival and relative catchability were compared. The Florida and hybrid bass were found to achieve the best overall growth by the end of the study period. However, of the 3 strains, Florida bass appeared to have the greatest potential for growth. Hybrid bass suffered less relative mortality than Florida bass, which suffered less than northern bass. Differences in relative catchability were not observed among the three strains of bass.

Hellige Water Testing Outfits and a La Motte TRL-05 Water Testing Kit were evaluated by comparison with standard analytical methods. The testing outfits and kit often gave values for variables which were 80-120 percent of values obtained by standard methods. However, for some variables, and especially for total ammonia nitrogen, the testing outfits and kit did not provide reliable data for all concentrations. Results of the present study and earlier studies are summarized in tabular form to provide an assessment of the reliability of seven water testing systems.

Hydrated lime is not as suitable as agricultural limestone for increasing pH and total alkalinity in soft water ponds. However, small amounts of hydrated lime may be applied during dry summer months to increase alkalinity for several weeks in ponds that have such high water exchange rates during wetter months that conventional applications of agricultural limestone are ineffective. Hydrated lime is an effective sterilant for damp pond bottoms. It will also remove carbon dioxide from water. Hydrated lime is not an oxidizing agent, so it will not destroy organic matter in mud or water. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of water may be reduced by large applications of hydrated lime because the lime increases pH to levels toxic to microorganisms. The concentration of hydrated lime necessary to reduce BOD will retard photosynthesis and will harm fish. Although hydrated lime can be used to raise pH and kill fish, its potential as a fish eradicant needs further study.

Recirculating 2271-liter culture systems were designed and evaluated as potential fish production units. System components include a culture tank, sedimentation basin, and a biological filter. Three different biological filter types were compared: a commercially available plastic filter media, a rotating biodisc filter, and a submerged gravel filter. Each duplicated system was stocked with 5 cm fingerling channel catfish, lctalurus punctatus, which were fed daily. The experiment continued until maximum loading capacities were attained. In the 155 day growing period, the greatest standing crop attained was 41.2 kg using the rotating biodisc filter. Excepting one replication which exhibited 100 percent mortality due to an aerator failure, survival rate was 95 percent or greater, with feed conversions ranging from 1.27 to 1.62.

From an analysis of the trophic status and fish populations of 22 Florida lakes, total fish biomass is low in oligotrophic lakes, increases to a maximum in mesotrophic-eutrophic lakes, and fluctuates around the maximum value in hypereutrophic lakes. Total fish density likewise is low in oligotrophic lakes and increases to a maximum in mesotrophic-eutrophic lakes; but unlike biomass, fish density declines as lakes become hypereutrophic and gizzard shad becomes the dominant species of fish. Sport fishes reach maximum biomass and optimum densities in mesotrophic-eutrophic lakes with a total nitrogen concentration of 1.2 mgll and a chlorophyll a concentration of 11.0 ugll, but suffer adverse effects with further enrichment.

Genotypic male Tilapia aurea, previously treated for sex reversal to a female state, and their sex-reversed female (F') parent were stocked into aquaria with untreated females at various ratios. The reproduction of the 2 types of females with normal males was compared. None of the treated fish spawned; most were later found to have ovotestes. The PI sex-reversed female spawned repeatedly after she was paired with a male in a larger tank, indicating that the presence of normal females under confined aquarium conditions may have a repressive effect upon estrogen sex-reversed females.

Six groups of cage-grown channel catfish (lctalurus punctata) and Tilapia aurea were compared for body weight, total length, condition factor, carcass characteristics, and sensory quality. Catfish used in this study were the first generation progeny of brood catfish selected for increased and decreased body weight and for body weight variability at 48-week post-spawning age. A random-bred control line and a group of pond-raised catfish were also included in the experiment. Results indicated that I generation of divergent selection has increased body weight and body weight variability in the upward lines but no declines were observed in the downward lines. Selection for improved growth rate may also produce catfish more uniform in size. In the taste test tilapia were preferred over catfish.

From 3 May 1979 through 9 November 1979, cage culturing of fingerling white amur, Ctenapharyngodan ideUa was conducted utilizing alfalfa pellets, catfish pellets, alfalfa and bermuda grass hay or aquatic vegetation as feeds. Feed utilizations, feed conversion ratios and growth rates were analyzed. Feed conversion ratios ranged from 10: 1 to 30: 1. Fish fed the catfish pellets or hay yielded poor growth. Those fed the alfalfa pellets were larger and achieved the expected stocker size. Mortality was a problem throughout the study period. Handling stress, agonistic behavior, and bacterial and fungal infections appeared to have been the causative agents.

Duckweed (Family Lemnaceae) was incorporated into 6 isocaloric diets which were fed for 10 weeks to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings in aquaria. Three diets contained surplus essential amino acids while utilizing duckweed at 0, 15, and 20 percent of the diet. Three other diets had the same levels of duckweed, but contained borderline levels of amino acids. No significant difference in mean weight gain per fish was found within each group of 3 diets. Feed conversion and kcal of energy required per g of weight gain were not statistically different for the fish fed the 6 diets.

A survey of previous Arkansas fish farmer certificate holders was conducted during 1978-79 through the use of renewal questionnaires, telephone conversations, and personal contacts. This survey was compared to similar surveys from preceding years. Approximately 65.3 percent of the 13,540 intensively farmed hectares in 1978-79 was devoted to the production of bait fish, while 28.1 percent was utilized in food fish production. Total area in bait fish production has remained virtually unchanged since 1975-76, but the value of the bait fish industry has increased by 7.0 percent. A 30.8 percent increase in area intensively farmed for food fish has resulted in a 17.0 percent increase in food fish value since 1975. Area devoted to catfish fingerling production increased 130.2 percent over the 1975-76 survey, while the total value ofcatfish fingerlings increased 70.8 percent.

A survey designed to elucidate current farming practices and problems was sent to all known catfish farmers in Mississippi. Most farms are greater than 45.5 ha (100 acres) and stocking rate averaged approximately 7410 fish per ha (3000 per acre). Most farmers use tractor pulled feeders and feed floating feed. The vast majority of respondents sold their fish to processors. The majority of respondents would like to increase their catfish farm acreage. Slightly more respondents produced their own fingerlings than purchased them and most managed their own farm. Few respondents had pesticide kills while about one-third had serious parasite or disease kills and one-fourth had oxygen depletions. Chi square analysis was used to test the relationship between farm size and stocking rate, stocking rate and oxygen depletions, and stocking rate and parasite and disease kills. Only the relationship between farm size and stocking rates was statistically significant.

Stomachs of 240 adult largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) taken from a small impoundment with abundant aquatic vegetation, were evacuated and their contents examined. Thirty percent of the bass had empty stomachs. Crayfish, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and young-of-year largemouth bass were the predominant food items. Electivity values (E) indicated negative selection for bluegill and positive selection for young bass. Dense, aquatic macrophytes are probably the major factor influencing the feeding behavior of these bass.

Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) were evaluated as a pelagic forage fish for southeastern reservoirs based on results of trophic and population ecology studies conducted in Claytor Lake, Virginia. Positive attributes of the alewife forage based included: a) establishment of a prolific and self-sustaining population, b) high desirability and availability to pelagic predators, and c) a positive impact on growth of pelagic sportfish. Negative attributes included: a) predation on larval fish, b) low desirability and/or availability to littoral sportfishes, c) rapid growth beyond a size vulnerable to most predators, d) fluctuating population levels, e) alteration of zooplankton size composition by selective predation on largest forms, and f) emigration to a downstream reservoir. Alewife are most suitable for introduction to waters managed primarily for pelagic piscivores on a put-grow-take basis.

A method was developed for estimating rate of exploitation from the rate of decline in catch per unit effort of tagged fish. The method was used to estimate exploitation of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) at a 75-ha Chambers County Public Fishing Lake, Alabama. Fishing effort directed towards largemouth bass was estimated from an access creel survey employing nonuniform probability sampling. The estimated 58 percent rate of exploitation agreed well with an independent estimate made using catch records and an estimate of the number of harvestable-sized ( > 249 mm total length) bass in the. population.