Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies

Flush counts (N = 182) of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) wintering in the Delta region of Mississippi from 1981 to 1982 demonstrated that regeneration stands were used as diurnal coverts more often than other seral stages of bottomland hardwoods. Significant numbers of woodcock also utilized mature stands. Few birds were found in pole stands or cottonwood (Populus deltoides) plantations. Management suggestions and research needs are discussed.

Woodcock (Scolapax minor) were observed and collected in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, from November 1977 through June 1978 and from November 1978 through March 1979 for studies of their courtship behavior, reproductive physiology, and breeding chronology. Male courtship behavior began in early December and terminated in early June, with February and March having the greatest numbers of singing males. However, individual males spent more time on the singing grounds during March, April, and May. Testicular recrudescence was apparent by early January. Juvenile males produced sperm during their first breeding season. Two females were in the rapid stage of follicle development by 18 January which probably indicated imminent ovulation. However, it appears that successful reproduction did not occur until late March or early April, as evidenced by brood hatching dates. These hatching dates contrast with earlier breeding records from previous years.

Mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) were banded pre-season (May-August) on the Texas A&M University campus as nestlings, free-flying juveniles, or adults. Analysis of direct hunter recoveries revealed no differences (P> 0.05) between the 3 banding classes and recovery distance. Calculation of survival rates from capture-recapture data indicated that adult survival (46.2%) was higher (P < 0.0001) than first year survival of immatures (free-flying juveniles 18.0%, nestlings 19.5%).

Ring-necked duck (Aythya collaris) activities were monitored from mid-November 1979 to late February 1980 on a retired phosphate settling impoundment in central Florida. Time-activity budgets of males and females were similar. Activities of wintering ring-necked ducks were directed at putting on fat reserves prior to reproduction. Birds invested most of their time feeding and resting; courtship and aggression were rarely observed. Maintenance of high feeding levels and minimization of time spent in energetically costly activities such as courtship and aggression probably facilitated fat deposition. Differences in ring-necked duck activity rhythms between habitats point to the need for further research in additional habitats and long-term monitoring of activities within important habitats.

The eastern brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis) ceased nesting in Louisiana in 1961 and the species completely disappeared by 1963. From 1968 to 1980, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission reintroduced 1,276 pelicans at 3 release sites in southeastern Louisiana. Two restored nesting populations were established, 1 at North Island in the Chandeleur Island chain and 1 at Queen Bess/Camp Island in Barataria Bay. The Queen Bess/Camp Island colony fledged 2,751 birds between 1971 and 1984. North Island production was 909 fledglings between 1979 and 1984. The restored North Island colony first nested successfully when the birds were 2 years old. Reintroduced birds at the Queen Bess/ Camp Island site first nested successfully when 3 years of age.

Daily activity, home-range size, and seasonal and dispersal movements of 13 coyotes (Canis latrans) were studied in eastern Mississippi and western Alabama using telemetry techniques. Coyotes were most active and traveled the greatest distances between 1800 hours and 0600 hours. The highest movement rates occurred near sunset and sunrise. Mean distances traveled during 12-hour full-night periods were greatest for adult females (9.5 km) followed by adult males (8.6 km) and juveniles (5.6 km). Average distance traveled by all coyotes during full-night periods was shortest during fall (5.3 km) and longest during winter (12.2 km). Two juveniles and 1 adult dispersed 20 km, 140 km, and 20 km respectively, between November and January. The mean home range of adult females (41.2 km2) was about twice the size of adult males (20.0 km2) and nearly 4 times the size of juveniles (11.8 km2).

Food habits of coyotes (Canis latrans) from the upper coastal plain province of Alabama and Mississippi were determined from scats (N =211) and stomachs (N = 100) collected from December 1980 through April 1984. Frequency of occurrence of major food items found in scats and stomachs for all seasons were rodents (43.1 %), fruit (38.6%), rabbits (34.7%), insects (29.9%), white-tailed deer (28.0%), and birds (22.5%). Seasonally, rabbits and rodents occurred most frequently in spring; rodents, insects, and birds in summer; fruit, primarily persimmons, in fall; and deer and rodents in winter. Peak deer occurrences in summer coincide with the fawning periods in both states.

From December 1979 to May 1983, beaver (Castor canadensis) control trapping was conducted in 50 impoundments in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. About 76% of impoundments contained beaver at some time within 3 years following initial heavy trapping. Age structure of beaver from impoundments trapped for 4 successive years did not differ significantly from that of the first year. Repopulation of drained impoundments appears to be enhanced by flooding. Many beaver problems are associated with manmade levees, railroads, and other roadbeds. Site-specific beaver control appears to require sustained followup trapping in regions well populated by beaver.

Estimates of litter size in beaver (Castor canadensis), based on counts of corpora lutea, placental scars, and corpora albicantia, were compared to known litter size determined by fetus counts. Estimates based on corpora albicantia (x = 4.2) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than with any other method. Numbers of corpora lutea (x = 3.0), placental scars (x = 2.8), and fetuses (x = 2.6) did not differ (P > 0.05). No reproductive parameter differed by beaver age-class.

Inventory methods, harvest regulations, tagging requirements, reporting requirements, and a computer program were established to regulate and monitor the harvest of surplus alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Louisiana and yet distribute the kill in proportion to existing populations over the area open for harvest. Ten seasons were authorized for the taking of alligators between 1972 and 1983. In 1972, only 1 parish was open for hunting; the hunt area was gradually expanded until in 1981 it was statewide. During the 10 alligator seasons, 5,337 licensed hunters harvested 100,712 skins averaging 2.11 m (6 feet 11 inches) in total length. The value of all skins taken was $9.8 million. Skins, meat, and other parts were followed through commercial channels with no evidence of illegally-taken skins or parts entering the legal traffic. An alligator nuisance complaint removal program initiated in 6 parishes in 1979 and 1980 was expanded statewide in 1981.

Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) nest characteristics from 2 different habitats in southern Georgia were compared. Nest and egg measurements varied somewhat between Silver Lake, an open freshwater habitat, and Rhetts Island, a brackish marsh habitat. However, except for the distance nests were found from water, none of the differences between study areas were significant. Mean clutch size for the Silver Lake study area was 38.0 while that of Rhetts Island was 40.7. Fertility rate of eggs on Silver Lake was 92.1 %. Of 29 nests containing eggs on the Silver Lake area, 14 (48.3%) were successful, with 55.1% of the eggs in successful nests hatching. Predators destroyed 37.9% of the Silver Lake nests. Fertility rate of eggs on Rhetts Island was 92.7%. Twenty-three (74.2%) of 31 nests containing eggs were successful, with 44.7% of the eggs in successful nests hatching. Six nests (19.4%) were destroyed by predators.

From June 1981 to June 1982, a radio-telemetry study was conducted on 9 adult (≥1.8 m) female alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) within a cypress (Taxodium distichum) lake in northwestern Louisiana. Minimum home range size varied from 0.8 to 256 ha (x = 56 ha) while average daily distance traveled varied from 2.3 to 238 m (x =20 m). Data collected through additional monitoring throughout 3 nesting and hunting seasons indicated a low nesting effort averaging 28% per year, a low degree of visibility during night counts, and a low proportion of transmittered females were harvested (10%).

Productivity, nesting biology, and gosling survival of a resident flock of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were studied in southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia from 1977 to 1982. A total of 323 nests contained 1,631 eggs. The nesting season usually began in late February and ended in early June. Yearly nest success varied from 27% to 64%. Flooding resulted in the destruction of 35% of total nests and was ranked as the major cause of nest failure. Nest success on artificial nest structures and beaver (Castor canadensis) lodges was higher than on islands and the shoreline. More than 63% of the nests were located on islands, and 24% were located on artificial nest structures. Mean clutch size was 5.6 eggs/ nest, but mean brood size at nest departure was only 4.0 goslings/nest. About 38% of the goslings that hatched survived to fledging.

Hazards to birds and mammals were evaluated following the aerial application of 0.75% nifluridide (EL-468) bait for controlling imported red fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). Birds were recorded on 12 transects (6 treated and 6 control) pre- and posttreatment. Small mammal abundance was estimated by live trapping 6 plots (3 treated and 3 control) pre- and posttreatment. Bait disappearance rates were measured for 3 different densities of red fire ant mounds. Overall, more birds and small mammals were counted posttreatment than pretreatment. Posttreatment ingress by northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), dickcissels (Spiza americana), and indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) accounted for most of the increase, Conversely, 10 bird species with recognizable territories showed a population decline posttreatment on the treatment area, but the reductions were not statistically different from the control area (P > 0.20).

Wildlife complaints received by the Maryland Forest, Park and Wildlife Service from a 5-county study area of Maryland were evaluated to improve Maryland's wildlife complaint program. Data collected included type of wildlife causing complaint, type of damage or problem, method used to resolve complaint, and response of complainant to resolution of problem. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) caused the most complaints (24.9%) and 5 of the total 16 wildlife groups caused 68.4% of the complaints. Fifty-seven percent of the complaints involved houses, yards, gardens, or crops. Explaining the habits of the offending wildlife and recommending techniques that the complainant could do himself to resolve the problem was the most common technique (73.6%) used in responding to wildlife complaints. A majority of the complainants (81.4%) were satisfied with the suggestions offered. A lead agency is recommended to direct the wildlife complaint program for the state.

This study presents baseline information on the accessibility of private lands in the southern Piedmont of Virginia for hunting, fishing, and trapping. A questionnaire was mailed to 1,525 landowners in 4 rural counties. The typical respondent from the 973 analyzed questionnaires was a 55-year-old male who owned between 4.0 and 8.1ha. Land was posted by 53% of the landowners, yet only 10% totally prohibited hunting. Family members, friends, and local residents were more likely to be granted permission to hunt or fish than were outsiders. Trespassing and property abuse were reported by half the landowners. Problems with hunters and other recreationists probably increase selectivity by landowners, reducing recreational opportunities on private lands. Conservation organizations and wildlife agencies should continue to emphasize proper sportsman-landowner relationships, emphasizing recreational ethics and respect for property rights.

Forty bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) were collected in late winter of 2 years from a variety of habitats in northwestern Texas to evaluate the use of wing fat and gizzard fat as predictors of body fat. No differences were found in body fat between sexes or between years. Regression analyses revealed that the best predictor of body fat was wing fat, which was related to body fat in an exponential, rather than linear, fashion. A logarithmic model (Y = e-0.0 6 + 0.17X, R2 = 0.68, P < 0.0001) best described the observed curvilinear relationship between body fat (g) and wing fat (%). The model provides a simplified index that may be useful in evaluating nutritional condition of bobwhites.

Waterfowl nest searches are labor intensive and expensive. Development of a method to estimate number of nests without conducting nest searches would be advantageous. Mottled duck (Anas fulvigula maculosa) chase flights were compared with number of nest initiations to determine if a quantifiable relationship exists. Frequency of chase flights over an area was independent of the number of nests found in the area (P > 0.10), precluding use of chase flight frequency to estimate nest density. Chase flight frequency does provide an index of breeding chronology. A highly significant relationship (P < 0.0001) between chase flights and total flights provides an index to mottled duck density that may be used to identify changes in population size and evaluate changes in habitat use.

For more than 25 years, numerous authors of reports and texts have repeatedly published that 0.56% and 0.25% phosphorus are optimum and minimum dietary levels required by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Scrutiny of the literature reveals that data do not sufficiently support these statements. Original statements were based on the performance of 1 deer. Dietary levels of other nutrients were also low. Minimum dietary levels of phosphorus required by deer are not known. Obviously, authors have cited these results without carefully reading the literature.

High selenium levels and changes in abundance and size distribution of fishes were discovered after reports of fish dying in Martin Creek Reservoir, Texas. The reservoir functions as a cooling source for a coal-fueled power plant owned by Texas Utilities Generating Co. Analyses of fish muscle tissue by the Texas Department of Health showed selenium concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 9.1 mg/kg. Cove rotenone sampling by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department indicated biomass of fishes, except common carp, Cyprinus carpio, was reduced 72%. Relative biomass of trophic groups was altered with planktivores changing from the largest to the smallest group, carnivores were initially reduced by nearly half, and omnivores more than doubled. Three years after the fish kills, planktivore biomass remained the lowest, carnivores had recovered to approximately 90% of their original biomass, and omnivores continued to dominate the community at 3 times their original abundance.

Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, and largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, segregated both spatially and by food choice throughout most of their first year. During the summer, largemouth bass inhabitated mainly vegetated areas and soft silt and sandy areas, whereas yellow perch preferred soft silt, sand, and hard clay areas. Both species shared a common invertebrate diet until mid-summer. Largemouth bass consumed small fishes late in the growing season while yellow perch continued to consume only invertebrates. Largemouth bass were longer and weighed more than yellow perch at the end of the summer. Examination of diet overlap by the Schoener index suggested slight overlap in May (0.26) and June (0.29) for largemouth bass and yellow perch 25 to 49 mm long. High littoral water temperatures (>30° C) in summer may spatially segregate yellow perch from both largemouth bass and small fishes that inhabit littoral areas.

Examination of food items of 84 grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), 73 American coots (Fulica americana), and 31 ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris) from Lake Conway, Florida, revealed that all 3 species fed heavily on hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Illinois pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis), and nitella (Nitella furcata). Introduction of grass carp to control aquatic vegetation may affect waterfowl distribution and abundance if these macrophyte species are present.

Triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, 2n = 72) were found to consume an average of 127 ± 17% of their body weight in fresh hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) per day. Experimental fish were 199 ± 27 g at the outset, and during the 51-day trial, the 6 fish gained an average of 3.3 ± 0.5 g/ day. Total lengths increased from 243 ± 10 mm to 301 ± 15 mm (1.1 ± 0.2 mm/day) during this time. These values are equivalent to results reported by other researchers for diploid grass carp and are 3 to 4 times greater than for triploid hybrid grass carp (C. idella X Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, 2n = 72) tested in 1983. Food conversion efficiency was 60 ± 8%. Triploid grass carp were also effective in removing hydrilla from 2 0.1-ha hatchery ponds. Fish (x = 196 g) were stocked at a rate of 250/ha in 1 pond and 500/ha in the other. At the conclusion of the study 9 months later, hydrilla was absent from the pond, except for within control exclosures.

Adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis) ranging in size from 483 to 940 mm TL in a west central Arkansas reservoir (3,000 ha) fed predominantly on gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and threadfin shad (D. petenense) throughout a 2-year study. Heavy feeding on threadfin shad occurred 1 winter due to colder than normal water temperatures which rendered threadfin shad sluggish and more susceptible to predation. Other species of fish and invertebrates comprised only a minor portion of food items regardless of time of year. An increasing trend in larger size shad consumed by larger striped bass sampled was observed and this positive correlation was significant (P < 0.05). Significantly higher weights of gizzard shad per striped bass stomach were recorded during a 2.7-m extreme fall-winter drawdown than the winter before. An index of fullness (% full stomachs) indicated increased predation by striped bass in the crowded drawdown conditions.

Twenty-one brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), 25 channel catfish (I. punctatus) and 25 white catfish (I. catus) collected by fish trap were aged by counting annuli from the articulating process (AP), basal recess (BR) and mid-spine (MS) sections of pectoral spines. Five large channel catfish collected from hoop nets were also aged using spine techniques. Attempts were also made to age catfish by counting opaque bands or checks from whole sagittal otoliths and otolith longitudinal and cross sections. Annuli were visible in all pectoral spine sections. Fish older than 3 years showed some erosion of the spine's central lumen, but no annuli were absorbed in any of the fish examined. Ages using BR and MS spine sections were identical to ages using AP sections in all fish examined. When compared to spine ages, aging error for whole otoliths ranged from 29% to 68%. Aging errors in longitudinal sections ranged from 38% to 52%, and in cross sections ranged from 64% to 76%.